Concepts behind Genetic Mapping-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Introduce and Explain the Concepts behind Genetic Mapping and How Maps are made. Answer: Genetic Maping Genetic mapping refers to the determination of the position of genes on the DNA molecule, which is the plasmid or chromosome and the relative distance between the genes, in physical units or linkage units (Waldron 2016). Having this in mind, the paper will begin by reviewing the basic concepts of genetic mapping and also on how genetic maps are made. Concepts behind genetic mapping The basic concept of genetic mapping is that, genes do not separate autonomously. Genes that do not separate autonomously are known as linked. One of the best ways to explain linkage is to examine the DNA of organisms. In this case, we identify that genes that are linked are those that lie on similar chromosome, therefore, they are inherited together (Knagge, Yousef, Winnike, Blankenship, Thomas and Brown 2017). In addition, genetic mapping is based on the principle of meiosis. Meiosis refers to the creation of haploids from diploid cells. During mapping, the specific portion of meiosis which researchers are most interested on is crossing over that takes place in prophase I. crossing over is significant as it is the one that produces variations in gametes, which is used during genetic mapping as a measure of distance between genes (Kushanov, Pepper and Abdurakhmonov 2016). How Genetic Maps are Made In order to make genetic maps, researchers begin by collecting tissues or blood from all the members in a given family of interest. The researchers use laboratory techniques to isolate DNA from the samples they had collected to study on the unique traits only seen in family members. The characteristics found in the chemical bases that structure the DNA are known as markers. Markers do not identify the gene that contain the trait, however, it helps the researchers to identify the location of the gene in the chromosome. In other word, when a given gene is close to the marker, the marker and gene will stay together through the process of recombination, which will be passed to the child from the parent. In this case, if a family member inherits a certain trait, it means that they will also inherit a certain DNA marker, which also means that the gene liable for the trait lies close to the DNA marker. Therefore, the more the DNA markers appear on the genetic map, the more likely that at le ast one marker will be found close to the trait and the easier the researcher will be able to locate it on the gene (Boutet, Carvalho and Baranger 2016). In conclusion, genetic mapping, which is also known as linkage mapping gives researchers the opportunity to identify the traits that are passed to the child from the parents, this is based on the concept that, the traits transmitted are linked to the genes. In addition, mapping provides researchers with clues on the chromosomes that contain the gene and the location of the gene on the chromosome. Therefore, genetic mapping is very important in the identification of new genes and their functionality, which is vital in the determination of genes responsible for disorders in human beings. References Boutet, G., Carvalho,. and Baranger, A., 2016. SNP discovery and genetic mapping using genotyping by sequencing of whole genome genomic DNA from a pea RIL population.BMC genomics,17(1), p.121. Kushanov, F.N., Pepper,. and Abdurakhmonov, I.Y., 2016. Development, genetic mapping and QTL association of cotton PHYA, PHYB, and HY5-specific CAPS and dCAPS markers.BMC genetics,17(1), p.141. Knagge, K., Yousef, G., Winnike, J., Blankenship, K., Thomas, A. and Brown, A., 2017. Relationship in Broccoli Between Genetic Mapping and Small Molecule Profiling Using NMR Spectroscopy.The FASEB Journal,31(1 Supplement), pp.766-11. Waldron, D., 2016. CRISp (e) R genetic mapping.Nature Reviews Genetics,17(7), pp.375-376.

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361 Industry Overview Final Project

ECO/361 Industry Overview Final Project IntroductionOur team has chosen the healthcare industry, specifically medical laboratories, to write a Full Industry Overview. The purpose of this research analysis paper on the Full Industry Overview of the healthcare industry is to provide an overview of the industry that we have chosen, analyze Current Market Conditions, analyze Future Market Conditions, and also compile a list of final recommendations. The following it the results of our research analysis.Industry Overview: HealthcareLearning Team C chose the healthcare industry to research. In this Industry Overview Section, the team will discuss the history of the industry, the market in which it operates, the role of government regulations and the issues opportunities the industry faces.Representing about 20 percent of the US Gross Domestic Product and accounting for approximately $1.5 trillion in market revenue, the health care industry is the single largest market in the US today. In any business, especially one as prominen t and encompassing as healthcare, it is important and beneficial to understand its origins.World map showing countries by nominal GDP per cap...Although the healthcare industry is a commercial market today, it didn't start out that way. In fact, the origins of these plans resided with providers (doctors and hospitals) and their desire to protect and enhance revenues. Over the course of the twentieth century healthcare plans have evolved from being provider run, to adding plans that were employer run, to an all out commercial money making market.Continuous increases in the cost of health care, growing at rates far exceeding the rate of inflation in general, are overwhelming health consumers and payers of all types. Managed care providers continue to struggle to contain costs. Meanwhile, employers are hit hard by vast increases in the cost of providing coverage to employees and retirees. In 2005, employers saw health coverage cost increases of about 9.2%. This...

Asian American immigrants and Small Scale Businesses Essay

Asian American immigrants and Small Scale Businesses - Essay Example Many sociologists argue that one of the most important characteristics of Asian American immigrants is the high rate of small business participation. â€Å"The number of minority-owned businesses rose from less than 750,000 in 1982 to more than 1.2 million in 1987, nearly one-tenth of all of the nation's businesses† (Minority Owned Business). However, the growth of small scale industries caused some problems also to the Americans. This paper tries to answer the questions; why do so many Asian immigrants open small businesses and what are the social advantages and social costs of this type of economic activities among Asian Americans. Most of the Asians immigrating to America do not have the necessary educational qualifications to obtain white collar jobs in America. Even educated immigrants may not get a white collar job in America without proper American education. America has certain standards and norms for getting certain jobs and the immigrants need to meet all those norms before applying for professional works. For example, a nurse immigrating to America, need to pass some difficult tests before applying for a nursing profession in America. On the other hand, starting a business is an easy task in America than getting a white collar job. Thus, many of the Asian Americans started to establish small scale business units in America.

Introduction to Financial Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Introduction to Financial Accounting - Assignment Example The researcher states that it is important to recognize that there are various types of financial statements; the balance sheet, the income statement, the statement of retained earnings and the fourth one is the statement of cash flows. The balance sheet also abbreviated as BS is the one that includes records that show the financial position of the organization as at a certain time. It is particularly charged with offering information on the organization’s assets, liabilities and lastly the capital outlay. Through the balance sheet, the various stakeholders are able to analyze the strength and potential of the enterprise. The income statement, on the other hand, gives information on how the enterprise performed within a certain period in time. It usually includes operating and non-operating activities that resulted into bringing in revenue or incurring of expenses by the firm. Therefore, when the two are drawn together the end result is a loss, a profit and rarely an equal bal ance and for this reason it is in other words termed as the profit and loss account or statement abbreviated as P & L. The third is the statement of retained earnings which gives information on the various changes that have occurred to retained earnings of an organization within a certain period. It shows how the retained earnings as at the beginning of a certain period was affected during the period to arrive at the closing balance of that period. The last record is the statement of cash flows which shows where a company’s financing is derived from and the various spending channels of the said finances. It shows an account of cash and cash equivalents and how these are flowing in and out of the company.

Factors Influencing Calprotectin Levels

Factors Influencing Calprotectin Levels Several factors have been reported to affect faecal calprotectin levels. Some of these factors have been investigated in this study through the survey. Referring to Figure 3.1, 34% participant are aged between 50-59 years. From this study, a correlation between age and calprotectin level is positive, meaning that, as age of participant increases, calprotectin level increases (p Socioeconomic status is another factor which is thought to impact on calprotectin level. Figure 3.2 shows that 48.86% participants were from medium socioeconomic status. From Table 3.7, the correlation between socioeconomic status and calprotectin level was statistically significant (p The health status of participants was divided in 3 subcategories: healthy, unhealthy, and quite healthy. From Figure 3.3, 66% participants stated that they are healthy while 20% were unhealthy. Referring to Table 3.8, no positive correlation exists between health status and calprotectin level (p>0.05). This implies that health status of the individual does not affect calprotectin level. 47 % participants judged that they were moderately stressed (Figure 3.6). Stress has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of several GI conditions. Stress profile is known to contribute to GI inflammation. From this study, a statistically significant correlation does not exist between calprotectin and stress level (p>0.05) (Table 3.10). This demonstrates that as stress level rises; calprotectin does not increase accordingly, implying that according to the test, GI inflammation is not observed accordingly. This is refuted by findings of another study, reporting that stress is a potent modulator of the inflammatory response in the gut [104]. Among other lifestyle factors which can affect calprotectin level and thus GI inflammation is undoubtedly alcohol consumption. Excessive alcohol consumption often results in intestinal damage, mediated by inflammatory processes [105]. Figure 3.7 shows that only 4.55% participants consumed alcohol regularly. Statistical analysis demonstrates no correlation between alcohol consumption and calprotectin level (p> 0.05; Table 3.11). Another study also reported that faecal calprotectin level in active-drinking alcoholics are not significantly different, compared with controls. These results may suggest the absence of a subclinical intestinal inflammation involving neutrophils in the alcoholics [105]. Cigarette smoking is another factor likely to cause GI inflammation and thus, affecting calprotectin level. With reference to Figure 3.8, 20.45% participants smoke. Table 3.12 shows that the correlation coefficient is 0.073, however, it is not significant (p>0.05). There is no linear relationship between smoking and calprotectin level. However, literature suggests that smoking modifies pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines, which can contribute to inflammation [78]. Cigarette smoke and nicotine can aggravate colon and stomach inflammation [79]. However, this study concludes that no correlation exists between cigarette smoking and calprotectin level. Genetic influences can also alter the probability of suffering from GI inflammation. The study reveals that 40.91% participants (Figure 3.9) have family history of GI inflammation. Using the Mann Whitney test, a statistically significant correlation is seen between calprotectin level and family history of GI inflammation (p Literature suggests that GI surgery may have a protective or detrimental effect on GI inflammation. From Figure 3.11, 12.50% participants had undergone different types of GI surgery. The R2 value for GI surgery and calprotectin level is 0.037 (Table 3.16), implying that no linear relationship exists between calprotectin level and GI surgery. There is only 3.7% chance of having a linear relationship between calprotectin concentration and GI surgery. With reference to Table 3.15, it can be depicted that the correlation between calprotectin concentration and GI surgery is not statistically significant (p>0.05). Consumption of different types of food may have different types of outcome on the GIT. Some food can have a protective role on the GIT while others have detrimental effects. Table 3.2 shows that 62.5% participants consume fruits vegetables daily while 50% consume meat dairy products every day. A correlation between consumption of fruit vegetables and calprotectin level is statistically significant (R=0.236, p Referring to Figure 3.12, it can be seen that 65.91% participants took antibiotics in the last 6 months while 34.09% did not. The Mann Whitney test suggests that there is no correlation between antibiotic intake and calprotectin level (p>0.05) (Table 3.18). 4.2 Central obesity and GI inflammation One aim of this study is to determine whether centrally obese males are more susceptible to GI inflammation or not. 44 participants (50%) were centrally obese while 44 (50%) had a normal waistline (Figure 3.4). The BMI of participants was also assessed. From Figure 3.5, it can be concluded that 56.82% participants had normal BMI (18.5-24.9 kg/m2), 36.36% were overweight (25.0à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤BMIà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤29.9) and 6.82% participants were obese (BMIà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥30.0). It should be noted that an individual with central obesity does not necessarily mean that he is obese. Centrally obese participants can have normal BMI as well. Using the Spearmans correlation, a statistically significant correlation between central obesity and calprotectin level was not found (p> 0.05) (Table 3.9). Moreover, there is no statistically significant correlation between BMI and GI inflammation (Table 3.9). Calprotectin is described as a novel marker of obesity [106]. Literature suggests that central obesity correlates more strongly with disease states compared with total body fat [7]. Another study reported that faecal calprotectin level is normally elevated in individuals with increased BMI [107]. In addition, obesity-relaed systemic changes can create conditions predisposing to gut inflammation [108]. One study reported that though patients have high faecal calprotectin level, which is characteristic of GI inflammation, they may not necessarily have associated symptoms [7]. This provides evidence that there can be increased inflammatory activity in normal subjects associated with obesity. 4.3 Drug use and GI inflammation The main objective of this study is to investigate drug use and GI inflammation. Referring to Table 3.21, a statistically significant correlation was not noted between drug use and calprotectin level (p>0.05). It should be noted that in this study, none of the participants had calprotectin levels higher than 620 pg/ mL, which is the cut off point for this ELISA kit. This implies that no participant suffered from GI inflammation. With reference to Table 3.5, the maximum calprotectin level recorded is 300pg/mL. The mean calprotectin level is 97.3 pg/mL. Referring to Table 3.4, 10.2% participants consume hypoglycaemic drugs while 9.1% use both hypoglycaemic and antihypertensive drugs. Yet, no correlation was found between drug use and GI inflammation (Table 3.21). With reference to Figure 3.19, 39.77% participants use drugs daily. However, no statistically significant correlation was noted between duration of therapy and calprotectin level (p > 0.05) (Table 3.22). This suggests that duration of drug therapy does not influence calprotectin level and hence GI inflammation. Other factors such as frequency of therapy with a given drug or whether the drug is brand or generic also do not affect calprotectin levels (Table 3.22). One study reported that low-dose aspirin treatment does not increase faecal calprotectin levels, although the use of NSAIDs might cause a rise in calprotectin concentrations due to NSAID-induced enteropathy in patients without IBD [39]. This study shows that aspirin does not increase calprotectin level; however, it also demonstrates that NSAIDs do not increase calprotectin level as no participant taking NSAIDs had calprotectin level above the cut off value. 4.4 Signs and symptoms of GI inflammation and calprotectin level With reference to Figure 3.13, 37.50% of the participants stated that they have suffered from GI inflammation in the past. Among those who have suffered from inflammation in the past, 17.05% suffered from gastritis while 11.36% suffered from inflammation of the intestine (Figure 3.14). Some participants have recently suffered from signs and symptoms of GI inflammation such as abdominal pain. Referring to Table 3.3, it can be seen that 27.3% participants suffered from no signs and symptoms of GI inflammation. Another 27.3% stated that they suffered from diarrhoea, abdominal pain and flatulence recently. These are clinical symptoms of GI inflammation. However, despite this fact, no statistically significant correlation was noted between signs symptoms of GI inflammation and calprotectin level (p>0.05) (Table 3.20). Despite this fact that participants clinically suffered from signs and symptoms of GI inflammation, no calprotectin level above the cut-off point of 620 g/mL (Table 3.5) was detected. Although clinical signs symptoms of GI inflammation were present, the calprotectin level might not have risen to a concentration high enough to be detected by the ELISA kit. This may account for calprotectin levels below the cut-off value. In addition, among those suffering from signs and symptoms of GI inflammation, 29.55% of them ultimately took drugs to alleviate these symptoms (Figure 3.15). Furthermore, Figure 3.16 depicts that among those suffering from signs symptoms of GI inflammation, in 57.95% cases, they were acute while in 13.64% cases, these signs and symptoms were chronic. These two factors might have contributed to the fact that no correlation is seen between calprotectin level and signs of GI inflammation as these drugs might have attenuated the inflammation, if ever present, which could have resulted in calprotectin levels below the cut-off point. Moreover, since the inflammation they suffered from was mostly acute, this might imply that the calprotectin level might not have reached a concentration high enough to be detected by the ELISA kit. 4.5 Calprotectin level With reference to Table 3.5, it can be seen that the minimum calprotectin level recorded was 20pg/mL while the maximum level recorded is 300pg/mL. The table also demonstrates that 15.9% of participants had calprotectin level of 80pg/mL. However, we can conclude that none of the participants suffered from GI inflammation because in no case, the calprotectin level exceeded 620pg/mL, which is the cut-off point for this ELISA kit. Only values above 620pg/mL indicate that GI inflammation is detected. Otherwise for all values below 620pg/mL, it suggests that GI inflammation is absent. Another study reported that the normal range for calprotectin is 52.8-352.9 ÃŽÂ ¼g/mL, meaning that levels of calprotectin above 352.9 ÃŽÂ ¼g/ mL should be considered positive for GI inflammation [109]. This shows that there is inter-kit variation for cut-off points for calprotectin level.

Chlamydial Infection :: essays research papers

Chlamydia Chlamydial infection is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease in the United States today. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that more than 4 million new cases occur each year. The highest rates of chlamydial infection are in 15 to 19-year old adolescents regardless of demographics or location. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a serious complication of chlamydial infection, has emerged as a major cause of infertility among women of childbearing age. Chlamydial infection is caused by a bacterium, Chlamydial trachomatis, and can be transmitted during vaginal, oral, or anal sexual contact with an infected partner. A pregnant woman may pass the infection to her newborn during delivery, with subsequent neonatal eye infection or pneumonia. The annual cost of chlamydial infection is estimated to exceed $2 billion. SYMPTOMS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most chlamydial infections are silent, causing no symptoms. However, men and women with Chlamydia may experience abnormal genital discharge or pain during urination. These early symptoms may be mild. If symptoms occur, they usually appear within one or three weeks after exposure. Two of every three infected women and one or two of every four infected men have no symptoms whatsoever. As a result, often the disease may not be diagnosed and treated until complications develop.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Doctors estimate that, in women, one third of the chlamydial infections result in PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease). Often these infections are not diagnosed until PID or other complications develop. In men, rarely, chlamydial infections may lead to pain or swelling in the scrotal area, which is a sign of epididymitis, an inflammation of a part of the male reproductive system located in the testicles. Left untreated, this condition, like PID in women, can cause infertility.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chlamydia can cause proctitis (inflamed rectum) and conjunctivitis (inflammation of the lining of the eye). The bacteria also have been found in the throat as a result of oral sexual contact with an infected partner. In tropical climates, a particular strain of C. trachomatis causes an STD called lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), which is characterized by prominent swelling and inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin. Complications may follow if LGV is not treated; this infection is very rare in the United States. DIAGNOSIS:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chlamydial Infection can easily be confused with gonorrhea because the symptoms of both diseases are similar; in some populations they occur together. The most reliable way to diagnose chlamydial infection is for a clinician to send a sample of secretions from the patient’s genital area to a laboratory that will look for the organism using one of a wide variety of quick and inexpensive laboratory tests.